Textile
Terminologies and Classification
Fiber:
Definition:
Fibers are the fundamental building blocks of textiles. They are thin,
threadlike structures that can be natural or synthetic and are used to make
yarns and fabrics.
Natural
Fibers: Derived from plant or animal sources, e.g., cotton,
wool, silk.
Synthetic Fibers:
Manufactured from chemical compounds, e.g., polyester, nylon, acrylic.
Microfibers: Extremely fine fibers,
often less than one denier in diameter, known for their softness and ability to
wick moisture.
Yarn:
Definition: Yarn is a continuous strand
of fibers twisted together for strength and flexibility.
Single Yarn: Made from a single strand
of fibers.
Ply Yarn: Created by twisting two or
more singles yarns together.
Carded Yarn: Fibers are
loosely arranged and aligned.
Combed Yarn: Fibers are
aligned and shorter fibers are removed, resulting in smoother and stronger
yarns.
Weave:
Definition: Weave refers to the pattern
in which yarns are interlaced to create a fabric.
Plain Weave: Simple over and under
pattern; durable but lacks elasticity.
Twill Weave: Diagonal pattern; stronger
and more pliable than plain weave.
Satin Weave: Smooth surface
with long floats; shiny and luxurious.
Jacquard Weave: Complex patterns
created by a Jacquard loom; used for intricate designs.
Fabric:
Definition: Fabric is a flexible
material created by weaving, knitting, felting, or other methods. It is the end
product of textile production.
Knit Fabric: Made by
interlocking loops of yarn; stretches well and is comfortable.
Woven Fabric: Created by weaving yarns
together; less stretch but often more durable.
Nonwoven Fabric: Produced by bonding
fibers together, e.g., felt; lacks a distinct weave pattern.
Classification
of Fibers, Yarns, and Weaves
Classification of Fibers:
1. Natural Fibers:
Plant Based
Fibers: Cotton, flax (linen), jute.
Animal Based
Fibers: Wool, silk.
Mineral Based
Fibers: Asbestos (historical use).
2. Synthetic Fibers:
Polymer Based:
Polyester, nylon, acrylic.
Cellulosic Based:
Rayon, acetate, modal.
3. Regenerated Fibers:
Semi Synthetic:
Bamboo, soy.
4. Specialty Fibers:
High Performance:
Aramid (e.g., Kevlar), carbon fiber.
Conductive:
Conductive textiles for electronic applications.
Classification
of Yarns:
1. Single Yarns:
Cotton Yarn:
Made from cotton fibers.
Wool Yarn:
Made from wool fibers.
Polyester
Yarn: Made from polyester fibers.
2. Ply Yarns:
Two Ply
Yarn: Two singles yarns twisted together.
Three Ply
Yarn: Three singles yarns twisted together.
3. Blended Yarns:
Combines
different fiber types for desired properties, e.g., polyester cotton blend.
Classification
of Weaves:
1. Plain Weave Patterns:
Balanced
Plain Weave: Equal number of warp and weft threads.
Unbalanced
Plain Weave: Different densities of warp and weft threads.
2. Twill Weave Patterns:
Satin Twill:
High sheen, diagonal lines.
Herringbone
Twill: Zigzag pattern.
3. Satin Weave Patterns:
Sateen:
Similar to satin but with less shine.
4. Special Weave Patterns:
Dobby Weave:
Small, geometric patterns.
Jacquard
Weave: Elaborate, intricate designs.
Identification
of Fibers and Weaves
Fiber
Identification:
1. Visual Inspection:
Observe the colour,
lustre, and texture of the fiber.
2. Burn Test:
Burn a small
sample and observe the flame, smoke, and smell.
Cotton burns
quickly with a steady flame; smells like burning paper.
Wool burns
slowly with a sputtering flame; smells like burning hair.
Polyester
melts and shrinks from the flame.
3. Microscopic Examination:
Use a
microscope to examine fiber structure and surface characteristics.
4. Chemical Tests:
Chemical reagents can be used to react with fibers and produce distinct reactions for identification.
Weave Identification:
1. Visual Inspection:
Examine the
fabric for the characteristic patterns of different weaves.
2. Touch and Feel:
Run your
fingers across the fabric to assess its texture and structure.
3. Thread Count:
Count the
number of warp and weft threads per inch to determine the weave density.
4. Cross Sectional Analysis:
Cut a small
sample and examine the cross section under a microscope to identify the weave
structure.
Introduction:
Fibers
play a crucial role in the textile industry, providing the raw material for
various fabrics and products. They can be categorized into natural fibers,
which are derived from plants and animals, and manmade fibers, which are
synthesized from various raw materials.
Natural
Fibers:
Manufacturing
Process: Cotton fibers are harvested from the cotton plant's
bolls. After harvesting, the cotton undergoes ginning, which separates the
fibers from seeds and other impurities. The cleaned fibers are then carded and
spun into yarn.
Properties:
Cotton fibers are known for their softness, breathability, and moisture absorbing
properties. They are comfortable to wear and suitable for warm weather.
End
Uses: Cotton is widely used for making clothing, bed
linens, towels, and various textile products.
2.
Wool Fiber:
Manufacturing
Process: Wool is obtained from sheep, goats, or other animals with fleece.
The fleece is sheared, and then the wool undergoes processes like cleaning,
carding, and spinning.
Properties:
Wool is known for its warmth, moisture wicking properties, and natural
insulation. It is resilient, elastic, and comfortable to wear.
End
Uses:
Wool is used to make a variety of clothing items, blankets, carpets, and
upholstery.
Manmade Fibers:
Manufacturing
Process: Polyester is produced through a polymerization process, where
petrochemicals are converted into polymer chips. These chips are then melted
and extruded into filaments, which are stretched and cooled to form fibers.
Properties:
Polyester fibers are durable, wrinkle resistant, and have good moisture wicking
properties. They are often blended with other fibers for various applications.
End
Uses: Polyester is used in clothing, sportswear, upholstery, and as a
filling material in pillows and duvets.
2.
Nylon Fiber:
Manufacturing
Process: Nylon is synthesized from petrochemicals through a process called
polymerization. The resulting polymer is extruded into filaments, which are
stretched and heat set to form fibers.
Properties:
Nylon fibers are strong, resilient, and have excellent abrasion resistance.
They also have good elasticity and are used in applications requiring
durability.
End
Uses: Nylon is used in hosiery, sportswear, swimwear, and
various industrial applications like automotive components.
3.
Rayon Fiber:
Manufacturing
Process: Rayon is a semisynthetic fiber derived from wood pulp or
cellulose. The cellulose is dissolved in chemicals to create a viscous
solution, which is then extruded through spinnerets to form fibers.
Properties:
Rayon has a soft, silky feel, and it drapes well. It can mimic the properties
of natural fibers like cotton, silk, or wool, depending on the manufacturing
process.
End
Uses:
Rayon is used in clothing, upholstery, and as a component in various blends
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